Sticky Images; Or, And Death Shall Have Dominion

It’s 8:00 AM on a non-descript Thursday morning in Mbale.

Which is to say that it’s a descriptly beautiful morning, just the kind that’s all-too-easily taken for granted: blue sky tinged with so-white-they’re-almost-pink clouds, the kind that arc and seem to ripple above the earth; the verdant countryside, grass begging to be laid on, hills lazily rolled down; the deliciously unhealthy aroma of chapatti and mendazi, a scent that can wake a person up a la those old Folger’s commercials. It’s a morning when any type of clothing is just right, where a bit of chill whizzing through the streets on a boda gives way to the reigning, uncompromising sun.

My boda pulls over next to the closed, wrought-iron gate that serves to keep the throngs of families away from their loved ones inside the hospital. They’ll have to wait until visiting hours unless the attendant shines his favor on them, or if they’re white. Which I am, so I get whisked in without hassle.

The Acute Pediatric Unit is a bit busier than usual. Counting the new crop of fresh-faced med students, there are 25 people in the cramped, stuffy, 20×10 room, including six patients: one boy who looks to be about five, most of the med students surrounding him in a half-moon formation; one toddler in the middle bed; and four newborns on the opposite side, in cribs and make-shift cribs.

Training should be quick this morning, 20 or 30 minutes tops. I’ve got lions and giraffes and zebras on my mind in anticipation of the weekend’s safari at Murchison Falls National Park, and am only half at the hospital. A goal for the day is to get a picture of the Embrace WarmPak Heater, which is currently placed in an old incubator – inadvertent marketing gold.

One infant is already in the sky-blue Embrace BabyWrap warmer, a welcome sign that the program is starting to become routine for the midwives and physicians – excellent news. I check the infant, making sure that the warmer is being used correctly. Baby is tightly wrapped, WarmPak is still warm – sweet!

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With that infant in the clear (for now), I bring my attention to the heater. It’s in the old incubator – great. I just need to get my picture, talk to the nurses, and then I can head to the Operating Theater.

But there’s something on top of the incubator, a tiny white cotton swathing blanket. I figure it’s just the extra wrap for the baby already in the warmer, so I reach over to move it.

My hand stops mid-grab, and I see a pair of tiny, lifeless brown eyes pointed at me – but not staring, for they have no motive, no motor driving them. It – he? She? – was dead, laid on top of the incubator by a too-busy midwife.

That I couldn’t even tell an infant was in the blanket to begin with should say everything about how small he – yeah, definitely a he – was; no bigger than a kitten, eyes the same size as a kitten’s, actually. His skin was translucent, cyan veins like rivers on a map. Rivers that had run just about dry, now lifeless, destined to stay stagnant.

I asked the nearest midwife, Emma, what had happened, though his body already told me everything I needed to know. He was born perilously early for a Ugandan baby, and had little chance of survival. In the knowing, unemotional way that many of the midwives I’ve talked to speak about life and death, she said that a woman – currently near-death as well due to post-partum hemorrhage – had pre-term twins, and they were brought to the APU in the middle of the night. Both were put in Embrace warmers in a race against Death to keep them alive. The baby on top of the incubator lost, an hour before I arrived.

His twin was alive – the infant I had just checked in the warmer. Shall have no dominion, yet.

I had just enough time to take in all of this before I was asked to help conduct a hands-on training of the warmer, with the living twin serving as the subject. And so I trained a midwife on the Embrace warmer while the dead twin hovered next to me, ensuring I was doing everything possible to keep his twin alive, watching with unmoving eyes as I put on latex gloves, gingerly handled the twin, and did my job for the morning.

After I was finished, Sister Emma took away the dead twin, leaving the live one to fend for itself as its mother fought for her life in a different ward. The live twin was protected only by the Embrace warmer and the too-few staff.

Selfishly, I wanted to get away at that moment, having spent enough time in the proximity of Death for a day, soaked up enough heartbreak for a week. Death conspired with the ward and had different plans for me. Immediately after the dead twin as taken away, a commotion brought my attention back to the five-year-old boy with the phalanx of young med students. His father, as diligent as he was stoic, thin and frail and oddly powerful, stood next to the boy as the doctors tried to save him. Death was still in the ward though, and found it convenient to take two children at once that day.

I never learned what specifically killed him – malaria maybe, or another disease that is so rare and so out-of-sight, out-of-mind to Westerners that it’s called a Neglected Tropical Disease. In that moment, it didn’t seem to matter to his father or crestfallen mother.

As sad as this death was, it’s the first that I suspect will stick with me. His eyes, and his veins, and his twin. His near-death mother and the all-too-real possibility that he’d grow up twinless and motherless, never knowing the latter or, possibly, the existence of the former.

If he grows up at all. If Death didn’t take him that day – something I can’t even be sure of – there are mosquitoes and malnutrition, cryptosporidium and cholera, sleeping sickness and normal sickness. And more – all soldiers in Death’s war with the living.

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Ugandan Police Raid Two Newspaper Offices Monday, Claiming ‘Matter of National Security’

(via)

(via/Michele Sibiloni, AFP/Getty Images)

Mbale, Uganda – On Monday, Ugandan Police raided the Kampala offices of the Daily Monitor – an independent, daily newspaper with the motto “Truth Everyday” – and the Red Pepper, a tabloid popular with many Ugandans. Two radio stations were also taken off the air.

The Daily Monitor’s Managing Director, Alex Asiimwe, said that police were attempting to shut down operations by disabling “…the printing press, computer servers and radio transmission equipment. The intention was to prevent the monitor from operating, broadcasting and printing its newspapers.” According to the article, “police electricians also were called in to disconnect the offices from the grid.”

The official reason for the raid, via the state-run New Vision newspaper, was to retrieve a letter written by General David Sejusa, “requesting the top military brass to among others investigate allegations of the assassinations of top military officers… in this letter, it is alleged that Gen Sejusa called upon the military high command to investigate the recent attack of Mbuya Barracks, the said assassinations of top military officers in the UPDF and the plan to move Brig. Muhoozi through the ranks at the expense of other officers.” Brigadier Muhoozi is Muhoozi Kainerugaba, President Yoweri Museveni’s son, rumored to be groomed for the presidency when Museveni’s term ends in 2016.

According to the BBC, General Sejusa’s letter also included allegations of a plot “to assassinate people who disagree with this so-called family project of holding onto power in perpetuity.”

The Minister of Information and National Guidance, Honorable Mary Karooro Okuru, released a statement “to reassure Ugandans that the government is not interfering with press freedom,” which states that it raided the offices “on the heels of the utterances made by Gen. David Sejusa, aka Tenyefunza which have caused undue excitement. This is being treated as a matter of national security.”

She didn’t elaborate as to how exactly the letter threatened national security, nor as to how raiding press offices was concluded to be not interfering with press freedom.

Tensions between the ruling party and the press have been common in Uganda in recent years. In a late-2011 report, Amnesty International alleged that journalists have been spuriously arrested on charges of sedition, harassed by the police, and – in some cases – “subjected to human rights violations, including torture and other ill-treatment in custody before being charged in court.”

The report states that during and after the February 2011 elections, “Journalists were physically assaulted in a number of instances… by aides or supporters of political candidates, the police or security personnel while reporting violations to the electoral process including political violence.” In cases highlighted by Amnesty International, the police failed to investigate or arrest the suspected assailants.

Bernard Tabaire, a former Managing Editor at the Daily Monitor, investigated relations between the ruling party and the press from independence to the current day, in a July, 2007 article in the Journal of East African Studies. He found that, “Since the 1960s – the tragic first decade of independence – charges of sedition, criminal libel and false news have been frequently used in the efforts of Uganda’s government to muzzle a free press.”

He noted that while the Museveni regime is regarded as being more liberal towards the press than the Obote or Idi Amin regimes, it “…at times…has cracked down on publications that dissent too radically” in two main ways: “…(i) use of the courts of law to pile pressure on nosy journalists and force them to self-censor; (ii) the targeting of Daily Monitor as a salutary ‘lesson’ to other publications and to the government’s political opponents.”

It’s unclear when the Daily Monitor, Red Pepper, or the two radio stations will be allowed to continue work as normal. It appears that the Daily Monitor did not distribute a hard-copy newspaper on Tuesday, while the Red Pepper did.

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Tuesday Links

  • Drones for Africa! President Paul Kagame, of Rwanda, says that he wasn’t helping Bosco Ntaganda (a rebel leader of the group M23, which currently in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) before Ntaganda turned himself in to the ICC, and says the proof is in the asking-the-US-to-use-a-drone-to-kill-Ntaganda pudding. Interesting story, but far more interesting subtext, and can’t wait to hear the US’s response.
  • After just writing a bit about memory reconsolidation, I found Ed Yong’s write-up of a new study that shows how easy it is to change even declarative memories (facts and continuously-recalled information). Test subjects who had just recalled a portion of a television show, then lied to about the contents of that portion, were more likely to incorrectly answer questions later than their peers, who played Tetris before being lied to. This research should have very serious, very significant implications for eyewitness testimony and its admissibility in court
  • Just watched Before Sunrise and Before Sunset, which were probably my favorite “romance” movies I’ve seen. This profile of the female lead, Julie Delpy, is pretty great, and I’m excited to see Before Midnight at some point
  • Cancer centers are getting cozier with hospital systems. This only piqued my interest because I wrote about it for my old employer – or, at least, wrote the first few drafts before it was chopped up and improved by the solution leader
  • The insider’s post-mortem of Facebook’s IPO. The woman at the center of the article – an elderly person who “literally lost her life savings in Facebook’s IPO” shouldn’t have been investing her life savings in one tech stock, but probably should have been made right by Vanguard. Or Morgan Stanley
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Book-Blogging: We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families

WWTIY

 “Desperate to have something to show for the constant American protestations of concern about Rwanda, administration officials took to telling reporters that Washington was contributing to a public-health initiative in Uganda to clean up more than ten thousand Rwandan corpses from the shores of Lake Victoria.”

“The genocide has been tolerated by the so-called international community, but I was told that the UN regarded the corpse-eating dogs as a health problem”

Your friends and family are killed by your neighbors. By your friends. By your family. Life goes on, but how?

Gallons of ink have been spilled grappling with the genocide in Rwanda, and it’s quite clear that that I’m not qualified to offer anything of much use to the discussion. All I can do is write about how it made me feel to read Philip Gourevitch’s book, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families, and urge you to read it, too.

The planned and calculated attempted eradication of one people by another has happened a distressing number of times in the past century. The Armenians at the hands of the Turks; the Jews by the Germans; the Cambodians by Khmer Rouge; the Tutsis (and moderate Hutus) at the hands of the extremist Hutu Power group; the black Sudanese at the hands of the Arab Sudanese and the Janjaweed. The list goes on.

Each hurts the heart to think about. But of course we must think about each instance, about what was and was not done, what could have been done differently, and how the next time can be stopped. About how we can hold our leaders accountable to do what they’ve pledged to do.

Much of the book tells the story of the international community’s utter failure in this respect, and because it’s the only piece I can credibly discuss, I’ll focus on it. Plus, Gourevitch does the Rwandan community a better service interviewing them and understanding those times than I could accomplish here.

The UN force, United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, or UNAMIR, that stood idly by as hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed by proponents of Hutu Power (while Washington sat on its hands and refused to assist); France’s stymying the rebels, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, just long enough to allow the genocidiares the ability to flee Rwanda – right after they’d been backing Hutu Power militarily; the predilection of aid organizations to fund refugee camps teeming with, and run by, genocidaries, instead of the basic needs that Rwandan survivors needed.

The list is frighteningly, maddeningly, and exhaustingly long[1].

And it includes the Clinton administration, too, in a profound way. The ghost of Somalia – of the corpses of soldiers dragged through the streets – hung over America, and it seems the administration was too haunted by it to act in Rwanda. It dragged its feet, refusing to call the massacre a genocide, then refusing to meaningfully act once it did. As the quote at the top of this post shows, it was more concerned with optics than substance.

As a member of the “international community” – specifically a Westerner and American – this is pretty horrifying to grapple with. We Americans have been complicit in a genocide of our own, and there was no international community to step in and protect the Native Americans that were unable to protect themselves. But the international community didn’t do any better in Rwanda, or Darfur, and it remains to be seen if it has learned lessons from past failures.

Gourevitch’s book may go down as the account of what happened in Rwanda in 1994. I hope I’m wrong, and that a Rwandan will better be able to tell the story. But, as it stands now, Gourevitch’s book is that good, and, along with the other books I’ve written about recently, you really should read it.



[1] Also: Jesus, Belgium – for such a tiny country, you sure have caused a lot of trouble in central/east Africa. First, King Leopold II and the Congo Free State, then Rwanda (during which you forced the ossification of the Hutu/Tutsi distinction via identity cards, which stoked the violence).

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Repealing Obamacare: For Republicans, the 37th Time Wasn’t the Charm

Godot

Lately, it seems as if House Republicans are performing a real-life version of Waiting for Godot — taking the quote, “Nothing to be done” to its absurd conclusion. In doing so, they’re wasting valuable time that could be used for actual, substantive legislating, and are just as likely to succeed as Vladimir and Estragon.

Showing an envious persistence matched only by futility, House Republicans voted Thursday to repeal the Affordable Care Act, or “Obamacare,” again (for a 37th time).

Continue Reading at PolicyMic

(picture via)

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Friday Links

  • What’s the best way to save the rhino? Gregory Warner of NPR offers three options: a) legalize the sale of horns; b) publically burn the horns (a la Kenya’s burning of elephant tusks in the 1980s); or c) poison the horns so they can’t be used in East Asian remedies?
  • The malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, appears to somehow cause mosquitoes to be more attracted to the scent of humans. Add it to the list of parasites that can fundamentally alter the behavior of their hosts (see: toxoplasm gondii)
  • “If Africa is so resource-rich, why are its people not better educated, its children well-nourished, and its adults longer-lived?” Nice analysis in The Economist’s Baobab blog o the African Progress Report. There are the usual answers – war, resource curse, etc. – but also that the African countries aren’t selling high enough
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Book-Blogging: What is the What and You Shall Know Our Velocity!

Book-Blogging: What is the What and You Shall Know Our Velocity

If you do some research on the science and mechanisms of memory, it quickly becomes clear that memory is, more or less, an artifice, a construction – a best approximation. Picture your first kiss with the man or woman that you love or loved. As you recall that memory, you’re modifying it, infecting it with the present context in which you exist; maybe you’re idealizing it through rose-tinted, maudlin glasses, or disparaging it as a youthful falsehood.

Any way you look at it, the essential truth of the moment is… gone, reconstituted into at least a partial fiction.[1]

Similarly, reading a book in a certain context can change the meaning, what resonates with you, and the thoughts that stick around long after it’s put down[2]. Living in east Africa while reading two of Dave Eggers’s finest novels, What is the What and You Shall Know Our Velocity! profoundly changed the way the books made me feel and think. Both are linked, geographically and thematically, to the area, and I suspect I have a special appreciation for them because I read them here.

But regardless of whether you currently find yourself in America or Angola, Uruguay or Uganda, both of these books should be on your reading list. They are equal parts moving, inspiring, and fun. Eggers brings his slightly-manic, slightly-genius prose to bear on stories of losing and finding; loving and loathing; rupturing and redeeming.

What is the What

What is the What, by Dave Eggers

“When God created the earth, he first made us, the monyjang. Yes, first he made the monyjang, the first man, and he made him the tallest and strongest of the people under the sky… and he made their women beautiful, more beautiful than any of the creatures on the land… And when God was done, and the monyjang were standing on the earth waiting for instruction, God asked the man, ‘Now that you are here, on the most sacred and fertile land I have, I can give you one more thing. I can give you this creature, which is called the cow…or you can have the What.”

What is the What, a “non-fiction novel” written by Dave Eggers, is the author at his finest.

Sort of.

It’s written in the voice – and memories – of Valentino Achak Deng, one of the thousands of Sudanese “Lost Boys” displaced by the civil war between the Sudanese government and the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). It’s fictionalized non-fiction; not wanting to be constrained by the fallacies of memory, Eggers and Deng choose to consciously tell a tale that gets at the truth of the feelings and thoughts rather than the truth of the moment.

Forced to leave his family behind in their village of Marial Bai – only finding out years later if his mother and father are alive – Achak walks east to Pinyudo, a refugee camp in Ethiopia, all the while fending off lions, hunger, and bombs. You can feel his desperation, depression, and desolation as he walks, and walks, and walks. Friends stop walking, and die.

Pinyudo is an improvement on walking, but not the idyllic place Achak and the other Lost Boys are looking for. Clashes with the local village and the SPLA break the peace, and it is only a suitable “home” for a short time. Things escalate and they are forced to, once again, walk.

And so Achak walked some more, this time south to the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, where he’d live for the next ten years of his life. He was recognized as a youth leader and was able to move in with a family from his village – which puts him, in the hierarchy of unaccompanied minors, quite high up. Eventually, the Lost Boys are given a place to be found – the United States. Achak is one of the last to be brought over, but finds benefactors and a support network, and is a prominent member of the Sudanese transplant network.

The book is framed by, and returns to often, Achak’s life in Atlanta, and much of his story is told through an internal conversation he has with captors, who come to his apartment rob him. It highlights how, even in the relative safety of American life, the Lost Boys are still a bit lost.

Whether you’re interested in South Sudan or not, this is a remarkable tale that you’ll probably enjoy; give it a shot.

You Shall Know Our Velocity!

You Shall Know Our Velocity! by Dave Eggers

You have $100 that you have decided to give away. There are two people in front of you; one begs you for the money, the other is stoic, but clearly in need. Who do you give it to? More importantly, how does the whole situation make you feel?

I come across this in myriad ways every day in Uganda; you probably do too, in America or elsewhere. The guy who asks for a slice on pineapple or a beer; the child who says, in a sing-song voice, “You give me money?”; the silent woman sitting on the ground, hand out and palm up. Someone, somewhere, asking for something, with their mouth, hand, or eyes.

It’s easy to superficially capture an encounter like this, but it’s much, much more difficult to capture how it feels. Eggers manages to do this in a way that’s beautiful, enlightening, and honest – usually through the internal struggles that the main character, Will, has with himself and his made-up recipients.

Will and his friend, Hand, are on a quest to disburse a bunch of money, and decide to travel the world to do so. Like all best-laid plans of travelers, theirs is stymied by the vicissitudes of airline schedules, unnavigable roads, and their ambition.

At its core, the novel is an adventure story told by an emotionally-wrecked adventurer, wracked by self-doubt, self-loathing, and a need for perpetual motion, in the hopes of staying away from his thoughts.[3] It seems that by disgorging himself of the weight of the money – both the way it was procured and the way he failed to use it for its first intended purpose – he believes he’ll be able to save himself from… himself.

If you’re going to reach just one of Eggers’s books… don’t. Read at least two, and make those two A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius and What is the What. After those two, I suspect you’ll be interested in reading You Shall Know Our Velocity![4], too.

And once you finish reading it, read this – a section that’s included in the middle of some versions, but not others. It will completely change the way you view the book.

 



[1] Radiolab’s episode on this, Memory and Forgetting, is one that I constantly recommend to friends, and heartily recommend to you now. This is a pretty accessible piece on memory reconsolidation. Joshua Foer’s Moonwalking with Einstein remains one of the most fun, engaging, and enrapturing books on memory I’ve read, too.

[2] Proof positive: reading Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being, on recommendation from a girlfriend, makes for an interesting, insecurity-inducing read.

[3] “And there is a chance that everything we did was incorrect, but stasis is itself criminal for those with the means to move, and the means to weave communion between people.”

[4] The title of the book, incidentally, comes from a story that a minor character told Hand about an indigenous Chilean population known as the Jumping People. When attacked by the conquistadors, they fled their home and left a note: “YOU SHALL KNOW OUR VELOCITY”

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Book-Blogging: West with the Night and Bossypants

I’m assuming these books aren’t usually associated with each other – though both quasi-memoirs, one is relatively esoteric, the other a blockbuster hit; one is filled with anecdotes from a place most Americans have never been, the other so familiar as to allow the reader to be with the author in Chicago and New York City; and one features a protagonist that was “moderately eaten by [a] large lion,” the other… well, doesn’t.

But – perhaps because I read both while traveling through Malawi and Tanzania[1] — I found a number of commonalities in their stories. Both were pioneers (of sorts) in their respective fields, especially but not totally because they were/are women; both are origin tales, explaining how a past sets the mold for the person that comes out later; both made me feel totally, completely inadequate as a writer.

Mostly, both are excellent, excellent books that I very highly recommend. Go buy them now, folks.

West with the Night

West with the Night, by Beryl Markham

Beryl Markham is one of those people in history that will be remembered by a select few, but very fondly. A one-sentence biography would call her the first woman pilot to fly from London to North America east to west (evidently, more difficult than west-east due to the prevailing Atlantic winds). But, as most one-sentence biographies do, that grossly minimizes her accomplishments and her life; that feat only receives on chapter in the book, towards the end.

Markham grew up in modern-day Kenya (then called British East Africa) at a time when Nairobi was growing from a “gateway to a still new country, a big country, and almost unknown country…a collection of corrugated iron shacks…” to “a counting house in the wilderness – a place of shillings and pounds and land sales and trade, extraordinary successes and extraordinary failures,” and the confidence that engenders seems to stay with her the rest of her life.

Her childhood is all horses, near-unbridled freedom, and exploration. She hunts wild boars with the Nandi, brings up horses for her father, and gets “moderately eaten by [a] large lion.” It’s the definition of the idyllic upbringing, if you’re one for adventure.

Later, after Markham has become a very capable horse trainer, she meets a man with a broke-down car, and offers to help.[2] He changes the direction of her life by discussing “aeroplanes;” Markham puts it wonderfully: “A word grows into a thought – a thought to an idea – an idea to an act. The change is slow, and the Present is a sluggish traveler loafing in the path Tomorrow wants to take.” This man – Tom Black, founder of Wilson Airways, the first commercial flight operator in East Africa – teaches her to fly.

And fly she does – first, carrying mail; then, individuals; and finally, hunters searching for elephants (the first to do so by airplane). One of her companions, the “White Hunter” Baron von Blixen, is with her for most of the last third of the book, through porter mutinies, daring rescues, and a long trip from Nairobi to London. This was my favorite section of the book.

About that trans-Atlantic flight: it receives scant attention, and rightly so – her other stories stick out as more vivid encapsulations of her life. It’s clearly a remarkable feat for anyone – man or woman – to accomplish, but just doesn’t hold the reader like the rest of the book.

And the writing; my God, the writing. Markham is, without question, one of the better writers I’ve come across, ever; in one of his letters, found years after Markham’s book was published (1942) and subsequently lapsed into obscurity, Ernest Hemingway agreed, saying that Markham

“…has written so well, and marvelously well, that I was completely ashamed of myself as a writer. I felt that I was simply a carpenter with words, picking up whatever was furnished on the job and nailing them together and sometimes making an okay pig pen…it really is a wonderful book[3]

Take, for instance, the inexorable move from day to night. For me, it’s pretty simple: the sun goes down. For Markham, though, “the sun reigned and there were no aspirants to his place…There is no twilight in East Africa. Night tramps on the heels of Day with little gallantry and takes the place she lately held, in severe and humourless silence…”

That’s only one of thirty or forty paragraphs I highlighted in the book to taunt myself with my writing inadequacy, in the hopes of having a modicum rub off.

Just do yourself a favor and buy/download the book.

Bossypants, by Tina Fey

Bossypants, by Tina Fey

I was late to this book. Surely, most of you have already read it; to anyone who hasn’t: what are you waiting for?

The whole book is Tina Fey; what I mean is that her voice comes through so magnificently that it seems she’s sitting next to you, telling her life story over a glass of wine, and quite loudly. Irreverent, honest, and side-splitting, her account of her life as a child and young woman is enlightening – especially the part about blue liquid, periods, and the dangers of hyper-literal trust in marketing.

Fey’s view from the inside of the comedy scene is brutally honest. Her, on whether women are “funny” and those that think they aren’t: “It is an impressively arrogant move to conclude that just because you don’t like something, it’s empirically not good.” And one of the most-quoted sentences: “I have a suspicion that the definition of “crazy” in show business is a woman who keeps talking even after no one wants to fuck her anymore.”  Of her time at Saturday Night Live much is written, but best summed up by this: “Only in comedy does an obedient white girl from the suburbs count as diversity.”

I laughed hardest during the chapter where Fey answers hate mail found on the internet; allow me to quote it just once: “To say I’m an overrated troll, when you have never even seen me guard a bridge, is patently unfair.”

The bits of advice she doles out about being a woman in the workplace seem dead-on, and she manages to provide them without sounding preachy, pedantic, or overly-simplistic, which is a feat in and of itself. My favorite of these: “Some people say “Never let them see you cry.” I say, if you’re so mad you could just cry, then cry. It terrifies everyone.”

She’s incredibly honest, even when the truth is quite unflattering; this is, in quasi-memoirs, pretty unusual. When anthrax was found at 30 Rockefeller, she got up and left everyone behind; it was only later, when Lorne Michaels offered her a way to come back and save face that she returned. She didn’t have to include that anecdote, but did, both to highlight Michaels’s excellent management style and ostensibly for the sake of fidelity to the truth of her, good and bad.

But you don’t need my recommendation. Like one of my favorite gags from the Simpsons said: fifty million people can’t be wrong!



[1] Bossypants on a bus ride from southern Malawi to Lake Malawi. As my traveling companions will tell you, I looked a fine fool on that bus, giggling to myself incessantly. You can decide if you’re comfortable reading it in public

[2] “In Africa people learn to serve each other. They live on credit balances of little favours that they give and may, one day, ask to have returned. In any country almost empty of men, ‘love they neighbour’ is less a pious injunction than a rule for survival. If you meet one in trouble, you stop – another time he may stop for you.”

[3] He also included a bit of misogyny, which isn’t always included in the shortened quote: “…this girl, who is to my knowledge a very unpleasant and we might even say a high-grade bitch…”

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Wednesday Links

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Book-Blogging: King Leopold’s Ghost

King Leopold's Ghost

“Cut off hands – that’s idiotic! I’d cut off all the rest of them, but not the hands. That’s the one thing I need in the Congo!” – King Leopold II

Evil comes in myriad forms. Sometimes it’s an active end, as when one group tries to exterminate another; the genocides of the Jews, the Armenians, and others in the past century were calculated acts designed to rid the world of a group of people, as if they were an infection that the world needed to be rid of. The end game is extermination.

Other times, evil is merely a by-product, an unintended (but purposefully overlooked) consequence of greed, sociopathy, an astounding lack of empathy and an almost incomprehensible apathy. Evil doesn’t have to be borne of emotion – it can just as easily be borne by disregard.

The case of Leopold II, Belgium, and the Congo Free State (as today’s less-than-aptly named Democratic Republic of the Congo was called a century ago) seems to be more the latter than the former. Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa adroitly shows how evil can be the inevitable end result of a system, not of an emotion.

Arguably, that’s a more terrifying prospect – ten million[1] Congolese can be killed because of an unemotional, calculated system of exploitation, fear, and profit-seeking. Hate isn’t a necessary precondition to evil.

Leopoold II’s  story is a tale that isn’t well-known – in Belgium, America, or anywhere (save the DRC) – but is a vital one to grapple with, as there is no shortage of leaders of the same stripe: greedy, jealous, and so myopic as to completely overlook the rights and feelings of others. This can happen again. And again. And again. For this reason and others, Hochschild’s book is a must-read.

The short version reads something like this: in the late 19th century, King Leopold II, of tiny, fractured Belgium, sees the European powerhouses of Germany, France, and England acquiring colonies all over the world, and decides he wants one, too; he wants to “…secure for ourselves a slice of this magnificent African cake.” Nevermind that the “African cake” is already owned by African people.

To get his slice, he  first needs to figure out where in Africa to start, and so he contracts out intrepid traveler Henry Morton Stanley[2] to travel to the continent in order to find the source of the Congo River – something no Westerner had previously done – and discreetly set up bases for his shadowy International African Association, a front for his machinations. “His” is an operative word; for most of his time as king, Leopold was essentially the owner of the Congo Free State – not Belgium.

At the outset, Leopold’s quest for land in Africa has only prestige and profit as its endgame; ivory supplied the profit, and a combination of the Congo Free State’s enormous size and Leopold’s “save the natives” rhetoric the prestige. Fortuitously for him – and incredibly unfortunate for the Congolese – he usurps the land right as the worldwide appetite for rubber becomes insatiable. The Congo Free State was lousy with rubber vines, and it held a quasi-monopoly on the rubber supply until cultivated rubber tree plantations could mature; Leopold therefore wanted as much rubber as soon as possible.

(via SFASU)

(via SFASU)

The process of collecting rubber from the vines is vividly described by Hochschild, and involves spreading the rubber on one’s body to dry, then peeling it – and any hair – off. Often from hundreds of feet above the ground.

And so, not being the type of occupation that a civilized Westerner would enjoy, labor came from the locals. Because they were viewed as sub-human by Leopold, Stanley, and, well, most Westerners, subjugating them to hard labor for no pay did not come up as an issue; the Belgian solution was to kidnap women, children, and village elders, then hold them as a rubber ransom, with each Congolese man given a quota to collect before the prisoners would be returned. If the locals got feisty, the Force Publique – Belgium’s military force in the Congo Free State – would quash the insurrection using the chicotte (a whip made from hippo hide), the machete (the visceral images of handless Congolese serve as testament to the simple brutality), and the gun. Hunger, malnutrition, and poor working conditions helped diseases such as dysentery, cholera, malaria, and sleeping sickness kill millions.

(via Menlo School)

(via Menlo School)

With Leopold an archetype of an antagonist[3], the story needs at least one protagonist; Hochschild’s main saint  is Edmund D. Morel, the first to infer that if no money or goods were imported into the Congo Free State but ivory and rubber left in boat after boat, the imbalance was due to forced labor. An effective orator and communicator, he started the Congo Reform Association and the West African Mail newspaper, and slowly but surely educated the world on Leopold’s reign of terror in the Congo Free State. Hochschild calls his campaign the first significant human rights campaign of the modern era.

Morel was significantly helped by George Washington Williams, a black American politician and minister who was one of the first to raise the alarm after witnessing the oppression directly; William Sheppard, a black American missionary who acted as one of the main ethnographers/anthropologists for the Congolese people; and Roger Casement, a British diplomat who prodded the British and others to act.

Eventually, the public tide turns, Leopold II dies, and the Congo Free State becomes a true Belgian colony, as opposed to a Belgian king’s colony. Unfortunately, the happy ending doesn’t come for… a while. Leopold’s intervention fractures the nation, Belgium continuees to print money on the backs of the Congolese, and the Western world continues to meddle – going as far as to assassinate the newly-independent country’s first democratically-elected Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, in 1961.

This is recent Western history that has been under-discussed and under-appreciated. It’s not hard to see why; this is Western intrusion and Western imperialism at its worst, and it’s difficult to think about. But the things that are difficult to think about are often vitally important to remember, and Hochschild’s book helps us do that. Because he’s able to tell the story in such a compelling way, you should have no excuse but to buy it and learn from it.

It’s not enough to read the book, though, if all you take away is history. This is present, and this is future – if not in all its brutality, certainly in the warnings of un-checked greed. Whether perpetrated by a Wall Street financier or a corporation that doesn’t ensure safe working conditions for t-shirt manufacturers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the propensity of greed to blind people to the means of acquiring wealth is an ever-present issue.

Read this book. Grapple with the history, the present, and the future that it helps to illuminate. And then – if you’re so moved – act.

 



[1] There’s some dispute about this number, as Hochschild recognizes. In any estimate borne from incomplete information, there’s a pretty wide confidence interval, but it’s undisputed that millions died in the Congo Free State during Leopold’s meddling.

[2] Stanley is, to modern eyes, a racist murderer who treats his porters like oxen. About which: “They are faithless, lying, thievish, indolent knaves, who only teach a man to despise himself for his folly in attempting a grand work with such miserable slaves.” There is no record of how many Africans Stanley personally killed

[3] Though here, Hochschild does an admirable job of explicating that it was the system, not Leopold II, that was truly evil. Leopold’s death wouldn’t end the system

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